Direct
and Indirect Speech
Direct and
indirect speech digunakan untuk mengatakan atau menceritakan kembali apa yang
dikatakan seseorang kepada orang lain. Dalam Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung)
kita mengulang kembali persis seperti apa yang dikatakan seseorang atau apa
yang kita dengar dengan tidak mengubah satu katapun.
Misalnya: My sister said: “I have lost my money”.
Dalam Direct
Speech, ucapan atau kata-kata yang diulang ditempatkan dalam tanda kutip dengan
didahului oleh titik dua sesudah Reporting Verb. Kalimat langsung (Direct
Speech) biasanya digunakan pada percakapan-percakapan dalam buku-buku,
sandiwara, drama, atau kutipan-kutipan. Jika Direct speech di atas diubah ke
dalam Indirect Speech akan menjadi:
My sister
said :that she had
lost her money.
Berdasarkan
contoh di atas jelaslah bahwa Simple Past Tense dalam tanda kutip berubah
menjadi Past Perfect Tense dalam Indirect Speech.
Untuk
mengubah Direct Speech ke dalam Indirect Speech yang perlu sekali diperhatikan
adalah Reporting Verb dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka dalam Indirrect
Speech tidak akan mengalami perubahan Tenses. Yang berubah hanya Pronoun-nya
saja. Misalnya:
He says: “The first train will arrive early today”.
He says that
the first train will arrive early today
Ø
Direct Speech
Direct speech adalah kata-kata (kalimat) yang diucapkan langsung dari si pembicara.
Kalimat tersebut tidak dapat diubah atau ditambahkan.
Ø Indirect Speech
Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang digunakan
apabila kita ingin menceritakan seseorang kepada orang lain. Atau dapat
dikatakan bahwa indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah kalimat-kalimat
direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang diceritakan kembali dengan cara lain
tetapi tidak mengubah artinya dengan tidak lagi mengulangi pembicaraan tetapi
menceritakan apa yang dikatakan si pembicara.
·
Bentuk-Bentuk Indirect Speech
Bentuk kalimat indirect speech
terdiri dari dua kelompok :
1. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang
kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Present Tense (Says, tells, explains,
dst), maka kalimat tidak langsungnya tidak mengalami perubahan tense.
Contoh :
Lindy explains, “I am sure I
don’t make any mistakes.”
Lindy explains (that)
She is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Says (that) She is sure she doesn’t
make any mistakes.
Answers (that) She is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Note : Dalam kalimat tidak langsung yang
kata kerja pengantarnya bentuk present, maka yang berubah adalah kata ganti
orang, namun tenses-nya tidak berubah.
2. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang
kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Past Tense (asked, said, ordered, warned, dst)
maka kalimatnya mengalami perubahan yakni tense, kata ganti orang, serta
keterangan waktu atau tempat.
a. Perubahan Tenses
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
1. Present Tense
|
Past Tense
|
|
2. Present Continuous
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Past Continuous
|
|
3. Past Tense
|
Past Perfect (Had + Verb3)
|
|
4. Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous (Had been
+ Verb-ing)
|
|
5. Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
6. Present Perfect Continuos
|
Past Perfect Continuos
|
|
7. Present Future (Simple/ Continuos)
|
Past Perfect Tense (Simple/
Continuos)
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8. Past Future Tense (Simple/ Continuos)
|
Past Perfect Future (Simple/
Continuos)
|
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9. Present Perfect Future (Simple/ Continuos)
|
b. Perubahan keterangan waktu
|
ADVERBS
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
REPORTED SPEECH
|
|
Adverb of Time
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Now
|
Then
|
|
Today
|
That day
|
|
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Last week
|
The week before
|
|
|
Last night
|
The night before
|
|
|
. . . . .ago
|
||
|
Tommorow
|
The next day/the following day
|
|
|
Next week
|
The following week/the week after
|
|
|
Yesterday
|
The day before/the previous day
|
|
|
Adverb of Place or other
expression
|
Here
|
There
|
|
This
|
That
|
|
|
These
|
Those
|
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
|
Direct
speech
|
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." |
›
|
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow. |
|
can
She said, "I can teach English online." |
›
|
could
She said she could teach English online. |
|
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." |
›
|
had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. |
|
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" |
›
|
should
She asked what we should learn today. |
|
|
||
|
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" |
›
|
might
She asked if she might open a new browser. |
c. Perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect
Speech
1) Reported Speech yang berbentuk statement
(pernyataan)
Sebuah kalimat pernyataan
menggunakan kata pengantar
Kata Said/Informed/Explained/Told + (that) + ……..
Bila pembaca melaporkan atau
menceritakan kembali apa yang dibicarakan oleh orang lain, maka kata benda
dalam kalimat tersebut harus berubah.
|
DIRECT SPECCH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
Ann : “I am busy now.”
|
Ann said that she was busy then
|
|
Tom: “i study hard.”
|
Tom said that he studied hard
|
|
Lisa : “I didn’t do anything.”
|
Lisa said that she hadn’t done
anything.
|
|
Dini : “I have gone to the party.”
|
Dini said that she had gone to the
party.
|
|
Brad: “I will visit my grandmother
tomorrow.”
|
Brad said that he would visit his
grandmother the following day.
|
Lihat proses
perubahanya :
Direct : Mary said, “I am going to watch TV”.
Indirect : Mary said that she was
going to watch TV.
Direct : Alan said, “ I didn’t speak
anything to him yesterday”.
Indirect : Alan said that hadn’t
spoken anything to him the previous day.
Bila pembicara melaporkan keadaan
dirinya sendiri, maka kata ganti orang (pronoun) I , My, me tetap tidak
mengalami perubahan.
Direct
: I said ,”I will leave the country”.
Indirect : I said I would
leave the country.
2) Reported Speech yang berasal dari Interrogative
sentence (kalimat tanya).
Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung ini,
mengubah bentuk kalimat tanya menjadi
Kalimat
berita.kalimat tidak langsung yang berasal dari bentuk kalimat tanya
Menggunakan kata
kerja pengantar.
Asked = bertanya
Inquired = minta keterangan
Wondered = ingin mengetahui
Wanted to know = ingin mengetahui
Bentuk kalimat Reported Question
(kalimat tanya tak langsung) dibagi menjadi
Dua
kelompok:
(a) Bentuk kalimat tanya yang didahului dengan auxilary
verb (kata kerja bantu).
Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan kata
kerja bantu maka kalimat tidak langsungnya menggunakan rumus:
If/Wheter + S + Auxiliary Verb + Object
Contoh:
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
REPORTED SPEECH
|
|
Liz, “Are you busy?”
|
Liz asked me if/whether I was
busy.
|
|
Tommy, “Can I help you?”
|
Tommy asked me if/whether he could
help me.
|
|
Dini, “Have you been to Bali?”
|
Dini wanted to know if/whether I
had been to Bali.
|
(b) Bentuk kalimat tanya yang didahului oleh “Wh” Question
(What, Who, Whom, Which, Whose, How, dst).
Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan
“Wh” Question maka kalimat tidak langsungnya (Reported Speech) menggunakan
rumus:
“Wh”Question + S + Verb
Contoh:
-
Direct
: She said,”Where do you live ?”
-
Indirect
: She asked me where I Lived.
-
Direct
: “Why did you go yesterday ?”
-
Indirect
: He asked I had gone the day before.
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
Doctor said, “How long have you
been ill?”
|
Doctor asked me how long I had
been ill.
|
|
Vini said, “What will you do, Ann?”
|
Vini asked Ann what she would do.
|
|
Liz said, “Why do you borrow my
dictionary?”
|
Liz asked me why I borrowed her
dictionary.
|
Note :
Kalau kata “I” digunakan dalam kalimat langsung, maka kalimat tidak Langsungnya
mengacu pada pembicara pertama, sedangkan kata”You” mengacu pada pembicaraan
kedua.
Contoh:
Ann
said, “What will you do ?”
Ann
asked me what I would do.
3) Reported Speech yang berubah dari
sebuah Reported Imperative (kalimat perintah).
Kata kerja pengantar dalam bentuk
ini adalah:
Told
Ordered
Asked
Begged
+ To + Verb 1 + not to + Verb 1
Advised
Requisted
Bentuk Reported Imperative dibagi
menjadi dua kelompok:
Positive Imperative
Bentuk Positive Imperative adalah
bentuk kalimat perintah tanpa “not”. Polanya adalah sebagai berikut:
To + Verb 1
Contoh :
Direct : “Shut the window, please !”
He said.
Told
Me
Indirect: He
Ordered
+
Him +
To shut the window
Commanded
Them
Request
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
Go away, please!
|
He told me to go away.
|
|
Come in, please!
|
He ordered us to come in.
|
|
Be quiet, children!
|
He asked the children to be quiet.
|
|
Read this letter, please!
|
He requested me to read that
letter.
|
Negative
Imperative
Jika kalimat perintah negatif
diawali dengan kata “Don’t” maka bentuk kata kerja negatifnya berubah menjadi
“not” dan diikuti infinitive dengan “to”. Jadi pola kalimat perintah negatifnya
adalah:
Not to + Verb 1
Contoh
:
Direct
: “ Don’t be lazy !”, he said.
Indirect
: He told me not to be lazy
|
DIRECT SPEECH
|
INDIRECT SPEECH
|
|
“Don’t make mistake!”, she said.
|
She ordered me not to make
mistake.
|
|
“Don’t be late!”, he said.
|
He warned them not to be late.
|
|
“Don’t go away!”, he said.
|
He ordered us not to go away.
|
|
“Please don’t be angry!”, he said.
|
He told her not to be angry.
|
Note :
Kalau perubahan permohonan
menggunakan kata “Please”, maka dalam kalimat tidak
langsungnya kata “Please”
dihilangkan.
Perubahan dalam bentuk kalimat tidak
langsung hanya terjadi pada keterangan waktu(adverb of time) dan keterangan
tempat (adverb of palce); namun tidak mengalami perubahan.
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